Los virus del papiloma humano (VPH) son un grupo de virus relacionados entre sí. Pueden causar verrugas en diferentes partes del cuerpo. Existen más de 200 tipos. Cerca de 40 de ellos afectan a los genitales. Estos se propagan a través del contacto sexual con una persona infectada. También se pueden propagar a través de otro contacto íntimo de piel a piel. Algunos de ellos pueden ponerle en riesgo desarrollar un cáncer.
Existen dos categorías de VPH de transmisión sexual. El VPH de bajo riesgo puede causar verrugas en o alrededor de los genitales, el ano, la boca o la garganta. El VPH de alto riesgo puede causar varios tipos de cáncer:
- Cáncer de cuello uterino
- Cáncer del ano
- Algunos tipos de cáncer de boca y de garganta
- Cáncer de vulva
- Cáncer de vagina
- Cáncer del pene
La mayoría de las infecciones por VPH desaparecen por sí solas y no causan cáncer. Pero a veces las infecciones duran más. Cuando una infección por VPH de alto riesgo dura muchos años, puede provocar cambios en las células. Si estos cambios no se tratan, pueden empeorar con el tiempo y convertirse en cáncer.
¿Quién está en riesgo de contraer infecciones por VPH?
Las infecciones por VPH son muy comunes. Casi todas las personas sexualmente activas se infectan con el VPH poco después de iniciar su vida sexual.
¿Cuáles son los síntomas de las infecciones por VPH?
Algunas personas desarrollan verrugas por ciertas infecciones de VPH de bajo riesgo, pero los otros tipos (incluyendo las de alto riesgo) no tienen síntomas.
Si una infección por VPH de alto riesgo dura muchos años y causa cambios en las células, es posible que tenga síntomas. También puede tener síntomas si esos cambios celulares se convierten en cáncer. Sus posibles síntomas dependerán de la parte del cuerpo afectada.
¿Cómo se diagnostican las infecciones por VPH?
En general, los profesionales de la salud pueden diagnosticar las verrugas al observarlas.
Para las mujeres, hay pruebas de detección de cáncer de cuello uterino que pueden encontrar cambios cervicales que pueden convertirse en cáncer. Como parte de la evaluación, las mujeres pueden hacerse pruebas de Papanicolaou, pruebas de VPH o ambas.
¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para las infecciones por VPH?
Una infección por VPH en sí no puede ser tratada. Existen medicamentos que puede aplicar a una verruga. Si no funcionan, su atención médica podría congelarla, quemarla o extirparla quirúrgicamente.
Existen tratamientos para los cambios celulares causados por la infección con VPH de alto riesgo. Incluyen medicamentos que se aplican al área afectada y varios procedimientos quirúrgicos.
En general, las personas con cáncer relacionado con el VPH reciben los mismos tipos de tratamiento que quienes tienen cáncer no causados por el virus. Una excepción a esto son las personas que tienen ciertos tipos de cáncer de boca y de garganta, las que pueden tener diferentes opciones de tratamiento.
¿Se pueden prevenir las infecciones por VPH?
El uso correcto de los condones de látex reduce en gran medida, aunque no elimina por completo, el riesgo de contraer o propagar el VPH. Si usted o su pareja es alérgica al látex, puede usar condones de poliuretano. La forma más confiable de evitar la infección es no tener sexo anal, vaginal u oral.
Las vacunas pueden proteger contra varios tipos de VPH, incluyendo algunas que pueden causar cáncer. Las vacunas brindan la mayor protección cuando se aplican antes de exponerse al virus. Esto significa que es mejor que se apliquen antes de que se vuelvan sexualmente activas.
Fuente: https://medlineplus.gov/spanish/hpv.html
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